Economic Deflation and How to Prevent It

Is the problem that there is more to printing money than printing money? Is, in fact, the way printed money gets into circulation, that the Fed buys bonds, and thus gets money into the economy? What is the logical rabbit trail that leads to inflation from printing money? Would solving deflation this way work with todays low-interest rates? Why or why not? Deflation has been a hot topic since about 2001 and the fear of deflation does not look like it will subside anytime soon. What Is Deflation? This article on why money has value explains that inflation occurs when money becomes relatively less valuable than goods. Then deflation is simply the opposite, that over time money is becoming relatively more valuable than the other goods in the economy. Following the logic of that article, deflation can occur because of a combination of four factors: The supply of money goes down.The supply of other goods goes up.Demand for money goes up.Demand for other goods goes down. Before we decide that the Fed should increase the money supply, we have to determine how much of a problem deflation really is and how the Fed can influence the money supply. First, well look at the problems caused by deflation. Most economists agree that deflation is both a disease and a symptom of other problems in the economy. In Deflation: The Good, The Bad and the Ugly, Don Luskin at Capitalism Magazine examines James Paulsens differentiation of good deflation and bad deflation. Paulsens definitions are clearly looking at deflation as a symptom of other changes in the economy. He describes good deflation as occurring when businesses are able to constantly produce goods at lower and lower prices due to cost-cutting initiatives and efficiency gains. This is simply factor 2 The supply of other goods goes up on our list of the four factors which cause deflation. Paulsen refers to this as good deflation since it allows GDP growth to remain strong, profit growth to surge and unemployment to fall without inflationary consequence. Bad deflation is a more difficult concept to define. Paulsen simply states that bad deflation has emerged because even though selling price inflation is still trending lower, corporations can no longer keep up with cost reductions and/or efficiency gains. Both Luskin and I have difficulty with that answer, as it seems like half an explanation. Luskin concludes that bad deflation is actually caused by the revaluation of a countrys monetary unit of account by that countrys central bank. In essence, this is really factor 1 The supply of money goes down from our list. So bad deflation is caused by a relative decline in the money supply and good deflation is caused by a relative increase in the supply of goods. These definitions are inherently flawed because deflation is caused by relative changes. If the supply of goods in a year increases by 10% and the supply of money in that year increases by 3% causing deflation, is this good deflation or bad deflation? Since the supply of goods has increased, we have good deflation, but since the central bank hasnt increased the money supply fast enough we should also have bad deflation. Asking whether goods or money caused deflation is like asking When you clap your hands, is the left hand or the right hand responsible for the sound?. Saying that goods grew too fast or money grew too slowly is inherently saying the same thing since were comparing goods to money, so good deflation and bad deflation are terms that probably should be retired. Looking at deflation as a disease tends to get more agreement among economists. Luskin says that the true problem with deflation is that it causes problems in business relationships: If you are a borrower, you are contractually committed to making loan payments that represent more and more purchasing power — while at the same time the asset you bought with the loan to begin with is declining in nominal price. If you are a lender, chances are that your borrower will default on your loan to him under such conditions. Colin Asher, an economist at Nomura Securities, told Radio Free Europe that the problem with deflation is that in deflation [theres] a declining spiral. Businesses make less profits so they cut back [on] employment. People feel less like spending money. Businesses then dont make any profits and everything works itself into a declining spiral. Deflation also has a psychological element as it becomes rooted in peoples psychologies and becomes self-perpetuating. Consumers are discouraged from buying expensive items like automobiles or homes because they know those things will be cheaper in the future. Mark Gongloff at CNN Money agrees with these opinions. Gongloff explains that when prices fall simply because people have no desire to buy — leading to a vicious cycle of consumers postponing spending because they believe prices will fall further — then businesses cant make a profit or pay off their debts, leading them to cut production and workers, leading to lower demand for goods, which leads to even lower prices. While I havent polled every economist who has written an article on deflation this should give you a good idea of what the general consensus on the subject. A psychological factor that has been overlooked is how many workers look at their wages in nominal terms. The problem with deflation is that the forces causing prices in general to drop should cause wages to drop as well. Wages, however, tend to be rather sticky in the downward direction. If prices rise 3% and you give your employees a 3% raise, theyre roughly as well off as they were before. This is equivalent to the situation where prices drop 2% and you cut the pay of your employees by 2%. However, if employees are looking at their wages in nominal terms, theyll be much happier with a 3% raise than a 2% pay cut. A low level of inflation makes it easier to adjust wages in an industry whereas deflation causes rigidities in the labor market. These rigidities lead to an inefficient level of labor usage and slower economic growth. Now weve seen some of the reasons why deflation is undesirable, we must ask ourselves: What can be done about deflation? Of the four factors listed, the easiest one to control is number 1 The supply of money. By increasing the money supply, we can cause the inflation rate to rise, so we can avoid deflation. In order to understand how this works, we first need a definition of the money supply. The money supply is more than just the dollar bills in your wallet and the coins in your pocket. Economist Anna J. Schwartz defines the money supply as follows: The U.S. money supply comprises currency — dollar bills and coins issues by the Federal Reserve System and the Treasury — and various kinds of deposits held by the public at commercial banks and other depository institutions such as savings and loans and credit unions. There are three broad measures economists use when looking at the money supply: M1, a narrow measure of moneys function as a medium of exchange; M2, a broader measure that also reflects moneys function as a store of value; and M3, a still broader measure that covers items that many regard as close substitutes of money. How the Money Rupple Is Influenced The Federal Reserve has several options at its disposal in order to influence the money supply and thereby raise or lower the inflation rate. The most common way the Federal Reserve changes the inflation rate is by changing the interest rate. The Fed influences interest rates causes the supply of money to change. Suppose the Fed wishes to lower the interest rate. It can do this by buying government securities in exchange for money. By buying up securities on the market, the supply of those securities goes down. This causes the price of those securities to go up and the interest rate to decline. The relationship between the price of a security and interest rates is explained on the third page of my article The Dividend Tax Cut and Interest Rates. When the Fed wants to lower interest rates, it buys a security, and by doing so it injects money into the system because it gives the holder of the bond money in exchange for that security. So the Federal Reserve can increase the money supply by lowering interest rates through buying securities and decrease the money supply by raising the interest rates by selling securities. Influencing interest rates is a commonly used method of reducing inflation or avoiding deflation. Gongloff at CNN Money cites a Federal Reserve study that says Japans deflation could have been dodged, for example, if the Bank of Japan (BOJ) had only cut interest rates by 2 more percentage points between 1991 and 1995. Colin Asher points out that sometimes that if interest rates are too low, this method of controlling deflation is no longer an option, as currently in Japan where interest rates are practically zero. Changing interest rates in some circumstances is an effective way of controlling deflation through controlling the money supply. We finally get to the original question: Is the problem that there is more to printing money than printing money? Is, in fact, the way printed money gets into circulation, that the Fed buys bonds, and thus gets money into the economy?. Thats precisely what happens. The money the Fed gets to buy government securities has to come from somewhere. Generally, it is just created in order for the Fed to carry out its open market operations. So in most instances, when economists talk about printing more money and the Fed lowering interest rates theyre talking about the same thing. If interest rates are already zero, as in Japan, there is little room to lower them further, so using this policy to fight deflation will not work well. Fortunately, interest rates in the U.S. have not yet reached the lows of those in Japan. Next week well look at seldom used ways of influencing the money supply that the United States may want to consider in order to fight deflation. If youd like to ask a question about deflation or comment on this story, please use the feedback form.

Essay on Brown vs. Board of Education - 786 Words

Brown vs. Board of Education Although slavery was finally ended at the end of the nineteenth century black people found themselves still in the process of fighting. What they had to fight for was their own rights. The Emancipation Proclamation and the end of the civil war brought about literal freedom but the beliefs and attitudes of whites, especially in the south kept the black people repressed. In this paper I would like to share the research that I found that helped to launch the fight for freedom in every aspect possible for black people and that is the case of Brown vs. Board of education. This case to place in 1954 and helped to end the segregation laws that withheld black and white schools being integrated. Before I†¦show more content†¦This organization was founded in 1909 by sixty black and white citizens. In 1910 they published Crisis, a magazine that covered achievements for blacks in the arts, business and several other social fields. Most of the NAACP’s efforts where focused o n anti-lynching laws and gaining civil rights for blacks without discrimination. When they heard of Oliver Brown’s problem they were eager to help. So in 1951 the NAACP requested an injunction that would outlaw the segregation of Topeka’s schools. Their defense was that not only were the schools inherently equal, what with the conditions of the schools themselves, but also that it was detrimental to black children’s education and future to be living with such segregation. Black children must learn to associate with white children who are a large percentage of the population in order for their curriculum not to be curtailed. The Board of Education’s defense was that black children should learn in segregated schools because they lived in a segregated society and would for the rest of their lives, therefore teaching them at a young age the way society is will prepare them for the future. They also argued that such blacks as Washington Carver and Freder ick Douglas went to segregated schools and became great successes. The request for the injunction left the court with a difficult decisionShow MoreRelatedBrown Vs Board Of Education945 Words   |  4 Pagesbring on change. Brown vs Board of education is one case that still has great significance in history. Not only did it have a huge effect on segregation, but America as well would not be the same. My surroundings would totally change if this case had not been established. Brandon would not be my best friend, and sadly without the desegregation in schools we would have never crossed paths. Oliver Brown stood as the representative plaintiff in the case Brown vs. Borad of Education. He felt so strongRead MoreBrown Vs Board Of Education945 Words   |  4 Pagesbring about change. Brown vs Board of education is one case that still has great significance in history. Not only did it have a huge effect on segregation, but America as well would not be the same. My surroundings would totally change if this case had not been established. Brandon would not be my best friend, and sadly without the desegregation in schools, we would have never crossed paths. Oliver Brown stood as the representative plaintiff in the case Brown vs. Borad of Education. He felt so strongRead MoreBrown Vs. Board Of Education1143 Words   |  5 PagesBrown vs. Board of Education (1954) was a landmark Supreme Court Case that overturned the separate but equal ideology established by the earlier Supreme Court Case Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896). The Plessy vs. Ferguson court case had a profound affect on the social interaction of racial groups in the late 19th to early 20th century causing tension between the two most prominent races within the United States, the Caucasians and the African Americans, which included Hispanics and other non-white citizensRead MoreBrown vs Board of Education600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Brown vs Board of Education as a major turning point in African American. Brown vs Board of Education was arguably the most important cases that impacted the African Americans and the white society because it brought a whole new perspective on whether à ¢â‚¬Å"separate but equal† was really equal. The Brown vs Board of Education was made up of five different cases regarding school segregation. â€Å"While the facts of each case are different, the main issue in each was the constitutionality of state-sponsoredRead MoreBrown Vs. Board Of Education878 Words   |  4 Pages Brown vs. Board of Education Is our nation becoming segregated again in light of the recent current events? When you turned on your television last week, did you get a sense of remorse for both the black community as well as the law enforcement community? Our nation is facing many obstacles today regarding equal rights for all. Recently, I have read an essay released in a magazine called, The American School Board Journal, titled â€Å"The Ruling that Changed America† by Juan Williams which he alsoRead MoreThe Brown Vs Board Of Education Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe Brown vs Board of Education was a remarkable set of five cases that paved the way for desegregation in schools and eventually resulting in the Civil Rights Act being passed. These cases however weren’t the only catalysts that forced the Supreme Court to question the wording of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights and neither were they the only pivotal cases that changed the way America as a whole looked at the black commu nity and how to interact with them. The Plessy vs Ferguson case wasRead MoreBrown vs. Board of Education2484 Words   |  10 PagesBrown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of education case took place in 1954. It is one of the most important cases in the American history of racial prejudice. The U.S. Supreme Court recognized separate schools for blacks and whites unconstitutional. This decision became an important event of struggle against racial segregation in the United States. The Brown case proved that there is no way a separation on the base of race to be in a democratic society. Brown vRead MoreBrown vs. Board of Education2169 Words   |  9 PagesKirisitina Maui’a HIS 303 Brown vs. Board of Education Mr. Mohammad Khatibloo November 1, 2010 Brown v. Board of Education â€Å"To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone† by Chief Justice Earl Warren, Majority Opinion. Imagine you are a seven year old and have to walk one mile to a bus stop by walking throughRead MoreThe Brown Vs. Board Of Education Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pagesthen results in unfair education opportunities. Many residents of Charlotte NC are unaware of this, or feel they have no voice. It is however the law for students to receive equal education, and North Carolina has a No Child left Behind Act that is clearly not in full effect in CMS, which will eventually force CMS supervisors to start playing a role in how their schools will not fall short of making their students successful. Background The Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954 ruledRead MoreBrown vs. Board of Education Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesBrown v. Board of Education The case of brown v. board of education was one of the biggest turning points for African Americans to becoming accepted into white society at the time. Brown vs. Board of education to this day remains one of, if not the most important cases that African Americans have brought to the surface for the better of the United States. Brown v. Board of Education was not simply about children and education (Silent Covenants pg 11); it was about being equal in a society that

Cracking the Myan Code Free Essays

Watching the NOVA special Cracking the Maya Code made me realize a lot of things about the Maya’s and about their language that I had never before known. I thought it was very interesting how they figured out the Dresden codex correlated to a time the universe had started. Even more than that, they correlated that to our calendar, to help them date the hieroglyphics that they found. We will write a custom essay sample on Cracking the Myan Code or any similar topic only for you Order Now I think it is really interesting how they recreated what the Maya cities would have looked like, and how the civilizations would have been. I think one of the most important discoveries described in the video though was the one stilla of the Mayans has historical relevance. This discovery helped the archeologists to put together a much better picture of history and of life in Maya time. It is as close to written document as the historians are going to get, which makes it so cool that they found this discovery. | Another interesting thing I found in the video was the disappearance of language of hieroglyphics. I didn’t know that Maya’s were forced away from that language, and that many now did not know how to read it. I just kind of thought of it as a ‘dead language’ not as one that was a native language that had been purposely eliminated. That was one of the most interesting and saddest things that I found in the video. I wonder if the language of hieroglyphics had stayed more relevant if it would be easier for historians to find information about the culture, because they wouldn’t have to do as much language depiction. How to cite Cracking the Myan Code, Papers

Corporations Act Business Inconsistency Rules

Question: Describe about the Corporations Act for Business Inconsistency Rules. Answer: Interpretation Clauses In this Constitution; Act refers to the Corporations Act, 2001 or any other Act which replaces the same and is brought into force from time to time; Terms and expressions which have been defined in the Act shall have the same meaning under this Constitution as well; The provisions of this Constitution shall prima facie govern the company. However, when the Constitution is silent regarding any matter concerning the company, the Replaceable Rules under the Corporations Act shall apply. Thus, the company shall be partially governed by the Constitution and partially by Replaceable Rules. In the event of inconsistency between the Rules under this Constitution and the Act, the Rules or the portions of the Rules, which are inconsistent, shall be considered to be struck out and the relevant provisions of the Corporations Act shall be applicable. Business Management The business shall be managed by the directors; This Constitution confers on the directors all such powers which are vested in a Company under the provisions of the Act. Directors Meetings Any and all directors can summon a meeting by way of rendering reasonable notice to the other directors; Directors may elect any one director to chair the said meeting. Members Meetings The power to summon a meeting of members of the company is vested on the directors; Directors shall appoint an individual to act as the chairperson of the meeting; Shares The company does not put any restrictions on the power to issue shares. However, issued shares must fall into the below stated categories; Ordinary Shares A Class Redeemable Preference Shares B Class Redeemable Preference Shares When a class of share is identified by an alphabet, in the above clause, it signifies a distinct class of shares. When a members holds A class Redeemable Preference Shares, the following rights and conditions are applicable; Shall not possess any right to attend or vote at meetings; In the event of winding up of the company shall be entitled to paid up for the shares held under this class in preference to all other shares. However, shall not be entitled to any right on surplus profits or assets of the company. When a members holds B class Redeemable Preference Shares, the following rights and conditions are applicable; Shall possess the right to attend and vote at all meetings of the company. The member shall be entitled to cast one vote against each share held under this class; In the event of winding up of the company shall be entitled to paid up for the shares held under this class in preference to all other shares except the A class Redeemable Shares. However, shall not be entitled to any right on surplus profits or assets of the company. Mediation In the event of dispute between any of the following groups; Directors and Directors; Directors and Members; Members and Members; Company and Members The same shall be resorted through mediation rather than resorting to the court of law. Adoption and Amendment of the Constitution The members are being vested with the right to amend or repeal the entire constitution or parts of it subject to the passing of a special resolution either at an EGM or AGM. At least 30 days prior to the date of meeting a notice stating the fact about the proposed amendments shall be addressed to all the members of the company. Part 2 Section 198A This Section provides that in Australia businesses are to be managed by directors and they have the liberty to exercise all powers of a company except the ones which either the Corporations Act, 2001 or the constitution of the company specifically requires exercise by the company. Vesting of powers upon directors for managing company has been long established. The reason behind the incorporation of this provision in the Corporations Act is the fact that generally shareholders do not have the obligation of acting for the best interest of the organization, as a whole and directors have the obligation of acting in the best interest of the organization. This Section implies that shareholders are bound by the decisions of directors. This provisions tries to embody the rule that non-executive directors cannot be involved in the day-to-day business of the organization. This Section imposes collective responsibility upon the board of directors of for company governance and they are held acco untable for the same. In practice directors delegate most of their powers This provision empowers the directors of companies with a wide range of powers, In fact, a resolution of shareholders becomes ineffective for overriding decision of directors when they have the power to manage the company. This is one of the steps for codifying directors duties in Australia (austlii.edu.au). Section 191 Sections 191-195 of the Corporations Act, 2001 contain provisions concerning conflict of interest. This Section imposes an obligation on the directors of company to disclose matters relating to the company which are of personal interest to the. Such disclosure is required to be made to the other directors. However, certain exceptions are laid down under Section 191(2). One example of such conflict of interest is as follows; a director has some personal interest in any contract, which the company enters into (austlii.edu.au). The purpose of the legislature underlying the incorporation of this Section in the Corporations Act, 2001 is to make directors of companies refrain from using their position for their own personal benefit. If a director commits breach of any of the duties he/ she is liable to be subjected to compensation under the Corporations Act. This legal obligation would deter directors of corporations in Australia from taking action attempting to make personal benefit by ut ilizing his/ her position in the company. Section 191 is one of the checks, which the legislature has introduced in relation to the unfettered powers imposed on the directors. It embodies the principle that directors must take decisions for the betterment of the company and not otherwise. Section 250R (2) (3) Section 250R(2) was incorporated in the Corporations Act, 2001 by the Corporations Amendment( Improving Accountability on Directors and Executive Remuneration) with the intention of holding election for appointment of directors, if in two successive meetings, 25% of votes are recorded against the remuneration package of directors. The election must be held within a period of 90 days. Under this Section a listed company has the obligation of adopting remuneration report during its Annual General Meeting. Hence we may state that Section 250R(2) requires passing of resolution concerning remuneration report. However, Section 250(3) lays down that the voting under the said Section is considered to be advisory in nature and does not impose binding obligation upon either the company or the directors. Both the sub clauses deal with adoption of advisory resolution concerning remuneration report (austlii.edu.au). The notice of the Annual General Meeting must state that such resolution would be adopted. Key Management Personnel and parties who are closely related are prohibited from casting their votes for this resolution. References Austlii.edu.au. (2001).CORPORATIONS ACT 2001 - SECT 191Material personal interest--director's duty to disclose. [online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s191.html [Accessed 20 Sep. 2016]. Austlii.edu.au. (2001).CORPORATIONS ACT 2001 - SECT 198APowers of directors (replaceable rule--see section 135). [online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s198a.html [Accessed 20 Sep. 2016]. Austlii.edu.au. (2001).CORPORATIONS ACT 2001 - SECT 250RBusiness of AGM. [online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s250r.html [Accessed 20 Sep. 2016].

Typewriters Vs Computers Essay Research Paper TYPEWRITERS free essay sample

Typewriters Vs. Computers Essay, Research Paper Typewriters: AN ENDANGERED SPECIES? For good over a decennary, experts in office mechanization have predicted the death of the typewriter. In their position the computing machine is destined to tale over the word processing function enjoyed by the typewriter for over a century. Yet, a recent study ( Fernberg, 1989, 49-50 ) indicates that electronic typewriter cargos over the last three old ages averaged about a billion dollars a twelvemonth. Further, the Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers # 8217 ; Association undertakings that the one-year growing rate will stay changeless at 1.5 per centum over the following five old ages. With gross revenues keeping steady at over a million units a twelvemonth, the electronic typewriter does non look endangered. It is likely here to stay-and for good grounds. Typewriter Familiarity Virtually anyone who has learned to identify can sit down at the electronic typewriter and within a few proceedingss operate it with astonishing easiness and velocity. We will write a custom essay sample on Typewriters Vs Computers Essay Research Paper TYPEWRITERS or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Harmonizing to Paez ( 1985, 55 ) : A familiar keyboard, which requires fewer key strokes and has a simpler, less code-intensive user interface, makes the Transition to a high-end typewriter much easier than the Passage to a personal computing machine with the same maps. Typewriter Flexibility An electronic typewriter can execute some maps computing machines can non, but a personal computing machine ( Personal computer ) can non be used a mere typewriter ( nor should it be ) . Possibly that is why one big study found that 85 % of secretaries who use PC # 8217 ; s besides use typewrite R. Using microchip engineering, sophisticated electronic typewriters can execute many of the automatic maps and redacting maps of which computing machines are capable. Automatic maps. Among the characteristics of electronic typewriters are automatic focus, right border justifying, and hang-indenting/ these characteristics are available on computing machines every bit good, but some users of both sorts of equipment say that the typewriter is more â€Å"user friendly.† Editing Functions. Some electronic typewriters permit operators to backspace/delete, insert transcript, move transcript from one topographic point to another, and hunt and replace specific words or footings in a papers. Some are equipped with templets that make form fill-in easy ; others permit the meeting of information from different beginnings. All these maps are performed without rekeying paperss. Typewriter Sophistication Electronic typewriters range from low-end machines with full-page shows, floppy storage, and complete text-editing capablenesss. The monetary value scope varies with the sum of advanced characteristics included. Some machines are upgradable so that the appropriate degree of edification can be obtained without replacing machines. Audion, Mark. # 8220 ; Using Electronic Typewriters: the Basics, Plus? . # 8221 ; Today # 8217 ; s Office, July 1986, 55-64. Fernberg, Patricia M. # 8220 ; Electronic Typewriters: Understanding the Product. # 8221 ; Modern Office Technology, March 1989, 48-50. Paez, Patricia. # 8220 ; Typewriters: Technology with an Easy Touch. # 8221 ; Today # 8217 ; s Office, September 1985, 55-72.

How does our self esteem affect interpersonal communication Research Paper Example

How does our self esteem affect interpersonal communication Research Paper Example How does our self esteem affect interpersonal communication Paper How does our self esteem affect interpersonal communication Paper Self esteem is the extent to which we value (like or dislike) ourselves and also whether we approve or disapprove of the attributes that we believe we possess. Our self esteem is one of the main elements of our inner being, and therefore directly affects our communication with others, and how we process their feedback towards us (see appendix 1). It is a major factor of the individual person we are. If a person approves (or likes) of themselves and their attributes, then they will have high self esteem, and therefore if a person disapproves (or dislikes) of themselves and their attributes that they believe they possess, then they in return will have low self esteem. We are not born with self esteem; it is constructed through our upbringing and past experiences. Self esteem is a variable. It can rise and fall depending on circumstances, although in general people tend to have either high or low self esteem, it is difficult to change. We are not human if we do not, at some point in our lives suffer from low self esteem. However, there are some people who constantly suffer from it. It appears to be the case that these people are considered to have low self esteem by others (see Rosenberg, 1965). Body language is a major factor of communication, and self esteem has a direct and distinctive effect on this. Self esteem affects a persons communication style and their presentation of themselves. People with high self esteem tend to:   Talk firmly, with a lack of hesitation   Use a wide and flexible vocabulary (for them)   Use phrases which acknowledge others (e.g.-I see your point)   Use phrases which admit responsibility (e.g.-Im sorry, I shouldnt have said that)   Have open and assured nonverbal communication   Be able to give positive strokes to others without condescending them (this means that they do something nonverbally to make someone feel better, e.g.-smiling, a pat on the back)   Have concern for others   Demonstrate empathy for others (they put themselves in other peoples positions)   Not be self regarding (self centred)   Be able to accept failure and criticism because their view of themselves is firm Those with low self esteem, on the other hand:   Are defensive about themselves   Have slack body posture   Make protective gestures (e.g.-crossing arms, legs)   Have lack of animation in expression   Do not appear confident   Are reluctant to take risks in social encounters (approaching people, etc)   Talk about themselves with persistent deprecation (they put themselves down a lot)   Speak about others with envy   Have speech patterns which are hesitant, or full of phrasal habits of their peer group from whom they desire approval (e.g.-verbal ticks, such as like and ya know)   Have a pessimistic view of their social skills and of activities in which they are involved Through communication with others, we are taught what is desirable and attractive. We then turn that on ourselves and decide whether we are desirable and attractive. Therefore, it is possible for you to value things that most of society doesnt. On the whole, what we esteem is in agreement with what others esteem within our culture. Each culture has their own identity so there are distinctive differences between peoples values from one culture to another. In terms of self esteem, perception is of major importance. It determines not only how you see yourself, but how you view others, too. Seeing and perceiving something are two completely different things. To perceive something is when the person mentally processes the information received by their eyes, ears and other senses. The way in which a person processes information depends on: their past experiences, the way in which they have been brought up, their culture, the situation, and various other factors. Each persons perception is incredibly individual, on each different occasion. Theorists Ideas on Self Esteem and Interpersonal Communication Dimbleby and Burton constructed the well recognized Intrapersonal Model (see appendix 1) that depicts the way in which different aspects of our personality affect our intrapersonal communication (communication within the self). Langer and Dwecks Self Fulfilling Prophecy (see appendix 2) is sometimes referred to as Langer and Dwecks Circle of Success Or Failure. This is because it shows the consequences of approval or disapproval of ones self in relation to the attitude they will have of that matter in the future. Simply, it illustrates how if you think youll do well, you will, and that will increase your confidence for the future in terms of that subject. Unfortunately, the cycle also works vice versa. Coopersmith (1967) found a correlation in the self esteem in teenage boys, and the degree of affection and approval that was shown to them by their parents when they were young. Boys whose parents were authoritarian, who were offered less approval and were shown less recognition were lower in self esteem. Of course, he did only carry out the experiment amongst teenage boys. Patton and Giffon (1981) stated that, in large measures the pursuit of happiness is the pursuit of self esteem. In other words, when we look for ways of making ourselves happy, we are also looking for ways in which to increase our self esteem. Rosenberg (1965) found that there was a close correlation between a persons estimate of themselves and the estimate of others of that person. In other words, a persons self esteem is roughly shown through their actions-other people can estimate whether that persons self esteem is high or low. Self Esteem Depends On: Self Image. Self Image is the way we see ourselves and also the way in which we categorize ourselves. A persons attributes depend on their perception. For example, they may see themselves as being clever, but if they do not value this then it will not raise their self esteem. The Approval of Others. Other people express their approval or disapproval (or feedback) nonverbally. If they showed signs of disapproval towards you and you picked up on this, then your self esteem would only be lowered if it was already low. If your self esteem was generally high, then it would only be lowered temporarily. This response to other peoples response to you begins very early on in your life, as a consequence of how your parents communicated to you. You will feel as you do in terms of self esteem due to the approval or disapproval displayed to you offered to you when you were very young (see Coopersmith, 1967). Most people prefer to think well of themselves than not. Therefore we seek the approval of others. With the aim of this we adjust ourselves (consciously or subconsciously) in order to fit in with a certain crowd of people and the values which they appear to have. If you then receive positive feedback for this, it will strengthen your self esteem in two ways: because you have won approval because your judgement of what is acceptable has been proven correct If you have high self esteem, then you can be nicer to other people because you dont need to improve your self esteem. Its as if youre so full of high self esteem for yourself that you can share some with other people and improve theirs. It is a positive cycle. Also, because your self esteem is high, you tend to receive more compliments from others, providing you with even more self esteem. Nobody wants to feel bad about themselves. Depression is a very negative cycle. Jealousy stems from low self esteem. This will be revealed in peoples verbal and nonverbal communication. You seem to have low self esteem (see Rosenberg, 1965). Some people even put others down to raise their own self esteem-it is a very negative way of doing it. Different people have individual strategies and methods of dealing with low self esteem. In terms of verbal and nonverbal communication, you can spot someones self esteem. For example, the loudest persons are most probably attempting to disguise their low self esteem.

Behaviour Modification and Cognitive Processes of Learning

Behaviour Modification and Cognitive Processes of Learning Pillay Sheryl Amanda Ballen    I will be discussing some important procedures which enable learning. Each and every human being learns any kind of behavior during their life span. There is no human being on earth who does not undergo the process of learning. There are various learning methods through which we obtain beliefs, approaches and skills (Skinner, 1971, cited in Ryckman,2013, p. 361) Here we shall discuss the principles of learning and their uses in daily life. I would like to also demonstrate how behavior modification compares with cognitive processes of learning. Learning What we mean when we say the word â€Å"learning†, we normally mean â€Å"thinking using the brain†. These concepts of learning are the central perspective in the Cognitive Learning Theory (CLT). Mental processes can be explained, as they are predisposed by both internal and external factors, which gradually bring about learning. Cognitive Learning Theory suggests that the differen t procedures regarding learning can be described by examining the mental processes first. It suggests that with actual cognitive processes, learning is simpler and new material can be placed in the memory for a long time. However, ineffective cognitive processes affect learning complications which can be seen in a person. Social Cognitive Theory (SLT) There are three variables in social cognitive theory, which are interconnected with each other, for learning to happen, which consist of: Personal factors Environmental factors Behavior factors An individual’s environmental interaction, beliefs, ideas and mental skills are influenced by outside factors such as a caring or uncaring parent, disturbing or healthy environment or a very hot or humid climate. The mental process in a person is affected by his behavior, and environmental interaction, which can also alter the way he thinks. One’s behavior can disturb and change the environment in which he or she lives in. Basic co ncepts of social learning are: Observational Learning Is a form of learning from other people, by means of observing their behavior in an effective way in order to gain knowledge and change behavior. Reproduction Is the method wherein there is a goal to successfully escalate the repeating of a behavior by means of changing the environment to a safer and more comfortable on , within reachable proximate, and to encourage him to remember the new information and behavior learned and to exercise them. Self-efficacy Is the way a person uses the newly learnt knowledge or behavior which he has learnt. Emotional coping is a good coping devices used against demanding environments and negative personal appearances can lead to operational learning, especially in adults Self – regulatory capability is the capability to regulator the behavior even within a negative environment. Classical and operant conditioning are two vital perceptions significant to behavioral psychology. Whil e both result in learning, the procedure is quite different. To understand how each of these behavior modification methods can be used, it is also important to understand how classic conditioning and operant conditioning differ from one another. Classic Conditioning Was developed by the Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov, classic conditioning is the first type of learning wherein an organism responds to an environmental stimulus. Pavlov (1927) observed that in classic conditioning, the stimulus (S) triggers the response (R) of an organism. Within the exposure of the organism to the stimulus, reflex(Hermans et.al., 2006, cited in Weiten, 2014, p. 232).

Hart-Devlin Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hart-Devlin Debate - Essay Example However, the law is not against the private lives of people and the activities they undertake in private. Therefore, a law cannot be imposed that interferes with the private lives of people. The report by the committee sparked a reaction from Patrick Devlin. Devlin in his discussion on â€Å"the enforcement of morals† argued that criminal law is not only meant to protect individuals but the entire society. Therefore, if people are engaged in activities that are against the society norms should be criminated. He further argued that criminal law should not only protect criminal activities that directly affect people, but rather should protect society from adverse effects imposed by individuals both in public and in private (Cane 22). Herbert Hart reacted against the argument of Devlin in a radio broadcast. Hart argued with regard to the â€Å"harm principle† by J. S Mills. He argued that the only reason in which power can be correctly exercised over any individual in soci ety against his will is, to ensure no harm imposed to others by the individual (Cane 23). An argumentative debate between the two individuals ensued, both of them believing their side of the argument to be reasonable. Devlin argued that the society supposed to be united by legal and moral conducts. Therefore, any actions that jeopardizes society’s norms should be criminated (Cane 24). The society supposed to impose its morality so that cultural values and believes can be maintained. Hart argued against this argument claiming that Devlin did not provide factual evidence of his arguments. Hart claimed that society norms are widely used; therefore, using them to deny a group of people to conduct their private activities is not respecting the morals of individuals. Some contributions made regarding the subject of law and morals of society (Cane 25). Therefore, in order to establish a valid argument of the case standards ought to be set and difference between harm and moral standa rds should be established. In addition, a relationship between law and morality should also be discussed in details. The debate sparked by the report established by wolfenden committee. The committee was established to put in consideration the law governing prostitution and male homosexual behavior. Nonetheless, the debate that ensued concentrated on the subject of sexual conduct and morals. The committee was discussing the issue of criminal activities with regard to homosexuality. The debate concentrated on criminal law and did not put in consideration other forms of law (Cane 26). The society plays a significant role to play with regard to ensuring the community and the country at large behave accordingly. According to Devlin, the actions of individuals can affect the outlook of the entire society. Therefore, when lawmakers are developing laws they should put into consideration a person’s liberty (Cane 27). In addition, technological advancement is changing overtime; theref ore, it is reasonable enough for the society to come to terms with the changes. Devlin’s view After the committee published its report, Devlin was quick to respond to the report through a public lecture. Devlin argued that morals and laws should go hand in hand. Behavior of an individual does not only affect the individual alone but the entire society (Cane 28). Therefore, legalizing homosexuality is offensive to the society as it goes against the moral standards of the society. the society’s cultural values should be protected by the law. Devlin’s argument meant to protect the society through the

Ethics, Sustainability & Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethics, Sustainability & Culture - Essay Example Many times in life, people ignore and underestimate the importance of moral values in attaining happiness and the well-being of the society. However, Kant has put forward two concepts entirely independent and he thinks that they are the heart of ethical life. Despite severe criticism, he notes that moral principle and moral obligation concepts are rational in the understanding of ethical life. Kants objective was to deduce the ethical theory using a priori reasoning from the concept that refers human beings as a rational agent (Aluchma, 2008). The ability of human beings to utilize reasoning in decision-making expresses the basics of the metaphysical principle under which Kants ethical theory has been built. Kant argues that, "Nothing can be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called well without qualification, except a â€Å"good will."Kants argues that in life, there are those things that people seek and those that they avoid. Those things, that they dearly seek, can be said to be "good" while those things they dislike and tries to evade are called â€Å"bad.† The good things are classified into two; the first class is for things that are means to some further end and the others are good being ends in themselves. Thus, he further adds that different personalities are motivated by different ends, so they find different things either good or bad (depending on the needs that they have).For example, eating a lot of food is good for malnourished person, but it is â€Å"bad† for a person who is obese (Arvidsson, 2014). For something to be considered as good â€Å"without qualification†, it is not compulsory for it to be merely "good" that is merely meant to one end but "bad" as means in another end. The meaning is that something should be sought as good and being independent of acting as anything else but being "good in itself.† A particular thing

European Union Essay Example for Free

European Union Essay During the 20th century, many different views arose concerning the unification of a previously divided Europe. Opinions varied depending on the individuals country and heritage, but largely because unification could improve conditions in some countries, while jeopardizing the conditions in others. Those in favor of a unified Europe usually had something to gain from it, while those who were against it had something to lose. Many countries were tired after WW1 and WW2, and interested in finding a possible source of peace. As Konrad Adenaver states Nations cannot continue to live exclusively according to their own desires and inclinations. (Doc 6). The ideas of new imperialism and nationalism were being replaced with ideas of peace and unification. In this hope for new found peace , countries such as France, Germany, and many other countries became involved in the European Economic Community(EEC). Sir Winston Churchill wished to be more like the U. S, and to form a council of Europe. (Doc1) Being the former Prime minister Britain, he might want this due to Britain ties and respect for the U. S. Not everyone shared this respect for the U. S, as shown in a Soviet Newspaper, a cartoon of a greedy American destroying Sovereignty of West European Countries. (Doc 4) Spain seemed to also have some hesitation in the idea of a unified Europe. The prime minister of Spain, Felipe Gonzalez, states NATO membership and joining the European Community mean the end of the traditional isolation of span. (Doc 11) Since the U. S was the creator of NATO, Spain might have some hostility towards America for being left out of NATO, while Russians may have hostility left over from the cold war. France seemed to be a bit irritated with the fact that Britain first refused to participate and even took a hostile attitude, as if the EEC were a economic and political threat. (Doc 8) These words, spoken by the President of France Charles de Gaulle, summed up the attitude of many French. He also claimed Britain had too many ties to America to be fully committed to a Europe Union. Harold Macmillan, the British finance minister claimed that joining the EEC would collapse our system of favoring rade with the British common wealth. (Doc 7) Britain did want unity but it also needed to do what would be best for the country individually, as summed up in the words of Margaret Thatcher, British Prime Minister, We want to see Europe more united and with a greater sense of common purpose, but it must be in a way which preserves the different traditions, etc. (Doc12) Britain was still a big powerful country, and did not necessarily benefit from the unity as much as smaller countries would. Italy Prime Minister Jack Lynch declares his commitment to EEC, saying We would naturally be interested in the defense of the territories embrace by that community(Doc 10) Although there were many different reasons why countries would want a united Europe, it did end up happening. Although there was still some suspicion as Duncan Sandys stated (speaking of Charles de Gaulle) Were gravely suspicious of the policy of American and British governments,(Doc 2) a European Union was formed. The United States did, and still does, have a strong influence over Europe, but Europes unification makes it more powerful force as well.

Android: Advanced Technology, Superior Quality Essay -- Technology

The Android operating system is well known among the masses, mostly known for its high tech phones that are released regularly. The mascot, a green alien for Android has also attracted a lot of attention. Android was founded by Andy Rubin and his partners Rich Miner, Nick Sears and Chris White in 2003. In 2005, Google sought out the opportunity and bought Android. It was then developed by Google and Open Hands Alliance. As time progressed many improvements and updates were made since the initial release of the system. The operating system gets â€Å"sweeter† by the upgrade, literally; each operating system is named after a sweet treat. Some Examples are Cupcake, Donut, Éclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, and most recently, Honeycomb. Each operating system released alphabetically, each system greater than the last. Android is currently the most successful operating system, surpassing both Apple and Windows in sales (â€Å"History of Android†). Android appeals to customer s through the consumers’ need for innovative technology; this has created visual aesthetic advertising techniques and brand rivalries, which in turn leads to Androids growing brand. Jib Fowles analyzes advertisers’ methods to appeal to consumers. In his article, â€Å"Advertising’s Fifteen Basic Appeals,† Fowles addresses fifteen methods advertisers use in order to persuade consumers to purchase their products. Like most brands, Android uses these techniques among others to appeal to the masses. One technique in particular is the use of aesthetic sensations to appeal to consumers. Fowles states that â€Å"Advertisers know there is little chance of good communication occurring if an ad is not visually pleasing. Sometimes the aesthetic element is expanded and made into an advertiseme... ...ual for English 103 (2011): 73-91. Print. 15 March 2012. Lyons, Daniel. â€Å"Android Invasion.† Newsweek 156.15. 11 October 2010: 42-49. Web. 23 March 2012. Pogue, David. â€Å"Android Phones Take A Power Trip† The New York Times. 9 February 2012: 1-3 Web. 23 March 2012. Romaniuk, Jenny. â€Å"The Efficacy of Brand-Execution Tactics in TV Advertising, Brand Placements, and internet Advertising.† Ehrenberg-Bass Institute for Marketing Science (2009). Web. 23 March 2012. Rubinson, Joel. Just Asking Why You Should Make People Curious about Your Brand? The Advertising Research Foundation (2009). Web. 23 March 2012. Sprint Android 4G Cat Commercial. 1 June 2011. Youtube. Web. 23 March 2012. The History of Android Operating System. Android 3.0 Tablet vs IPad. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. Verizon Wireless Motorola Droid (iDon’t Commercial) 17 Oct 2009. Youtube. Web. 23 March 2012.

Jobs within the tourism industry Essay

Introduction The travel and tourism industry is one of the faster growing industries in the world with over 50,000 jobs being created every year. This shows due to amount of employment this trade has created by the year 2007 there will be another 300,000 jobs created. The industry provides a wide variety of employment both direct and indirect jobs which will cater for people of all ages, skills and abilities. The nature of the industry will mean that many companies would need staff over the high seasons known as seasonal or temporary staff. Some jobs can also involve unsociable hours such as evenings or weekends. Travel Services Jobs available Jobs within the travel services include: * Agency clerk * Tour Operator * Resort Representative * Travel agency Manager * Administration * Reservation clerks etc Job Description and Working conditions The Representative is the primary source of help and information for guests, dealing with any immediate problems arising in resort such as accident or injury. The representative is responsible for welcoming guests and briefing them on the resort, ensuring the hosting in the chalets is of the highest quality, and will accompany passengers on the transfer coach between airport and resort. The working conditions are often outdoor based travelling from airport to resort sometimes many trips can be made within one day. They are expected to work 6 out of 7 days a week. Travel agents are the link between the customer and tour operators. The travel agency clerk sells a diversity of products and holidays to cater for incoming, outbound and domestic tourists. The working conditions are very different to a resort representative because it is often office based (shop floor), staff are usually required to work on 9-5 including some weekends, similar to any other retail outlet. Skills and qualifications The skills and qualifications depend in the job and the level of employment. A resort representative employee is expected to have at least one other spoken language i.e. French (depending on where the resort is based), good communication skills and must be over the age of 21. A travel agent is required good communication skills, ICT skills and literacy and numeracy skills can be useful. Transportation Jobs available Jobs in Transportation can be divided into three types these are land, air and sea. These jobs can include: * Cabin attendant * Pilot * Air traffic control officer * Airport baggage handler * Taxi driver * Train driver etc Job Description and Working conditions Cabin attendants are responsible for the safety of passengers during flights, all aspects of the cabin management, the menu planning and catering, the organisation of professional meal-services as well as the comfort of V.I.P. passengers and their assistance before and after flights when necessary. The working conditions are mainly within the aircraft. They are expected to be away from home for long periods of time and for unsociable hours, within a confined environment. Taxi drivers transport passengers to and from their homes, workplaces, and other locations. They also help tourists and other travellers get around in a new area. They drive cars licensed as a taxi to transport passengers for a fare that is calculated on a taximeter. Taxi drivers usually work shifts involving day, evening and weekend work usually unsociable hours, within a confined environment. Skills and qualifications Cabin attendants foreign languages, a pleasant appearance, customer service skills and communicational and organisational skills. Most air companies will only employee people over the age of 21. Taxi drivers need good communication skills, able to remain calm at difficult times and a high level of driving skill. The skills and qualifications depend in the job and the level of employment. Accommodation and Catering Jobs available Jobs within Accommodation and catering can be very varied from working away in a cruise ship to working with a local pub other jobs within the area can include: * Receptionist * House keeper (manager) * Chef * Waiter * Hotel porter * Bar person etc Job Description and Working conditions The Housekeeping assistant is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the Resorts Housekeeping Department. The essential duties include responsibility for the day-to-day cleaning of public areas and accommodation, laundry, bed linen, banqueting linen and staff uniforms. Working conditions include working long, irregular unsociable hours and shift work. A job as a Bar person within a resort hotel may often involve waiting on tables, bar work and cleaning within the restaurant and bar. Duties may also include organising promotions and stock control. Hours are often unsociable on evening and weekends. Skills and qualifications A housekeeping assistant should have a smart appearance, well spoken and have a pleasant character and must be able to work within a team. Minimum age of bar staff is 18 although most bars prefer 21+. Bar staff need Stamina, enthusiasm and be able to work within a team. Good communication skills are needed and customer service skills. The skills and qualifications depend in the job and the level of employment Tourist attractions Jobs available Jobs within tourist attractions can be varied depending on the type of attraction i.e. Natural (such as beaches) or purpose built (such as theme parks). Jobs within the area can include: * Advertising staff * Catering staff * Tour guides * Retail assistant * Pool lifeguard * Cleaners etc Job Description and Working conditions A job as a tour guide will involve directing a group of holidaymakers or day-trippers around an attraction or to a wide variety of locations within the UK or overseas. They will act as a guide and ensure that the itinerary, facilities and services promised are provided. Tour guides work in all weather conditions. Tour guides may work regular or irregular hours depending on the organisation they are working for. The work is seasonal, this means that they will be very busy within the summertime it also means that there will be many non-permanent jobs. Lifeguards are responsible for the supervision of swimming and a variety of recreational activities. There are key Responsibilities in which a lifeguard will have to do for example preventing accidents, respond quickly to all emergency situations and to maintain cleanliness within the pool area. Pool supervisors and lifeguards may work indoors or outdoors, and conditions are usually wet and noisy. Pool supervisors and lifeguards usually work eight hours a day. Skills and qualifications Customer care skills are needed in all types of attraction employment this is generally because they are in contact with costumers all the time. The employee would also have a willingness to work long unsociable hours especially within the high season. The skills and qualifications depend in the job and the level of employment for example a GVQ in travel and tourism may be required in a higher level of employment. Tourism Support and Information Promotion Jobs available Jobs within tourism support and information promotion include jobs within the RTB (regional tourist board), TIC (tourist information centres), and LA (local authorities) jobs within these areas can include: * Information staff * Tourist information assistant * Standards officers * Administration staff * Marketing staff * Research officers etc Job Description and Working conditions A Tourist information assistant is required to provide tourists within information about attractions etc within the area and promoting the area by giving tourists free leaflets on the attractions and facilities around the destination other responsibilities may include advising tourists about places of interest, providing directions, prices and opening times of facilities. And may often Book accommodation and tickets (e.g. theatre or football) for tourists. Working condition are Office based and often work with computers these are similar to any office work. Skills and qualifications Skills and qualifications in which are needed to work within this section are ICT skills, marketing and sales experience, customer care skills language qualifications may be required and an NVQ in travel services ad tour guides may also be required depending in the level of employment.

Symphony no.7 in A major. Opus 92, second movement by Ludwig van Beethoven

This four-part symphony by German classical composer Ludwig van Beethoven was completed in 1812 in Teplice when the composer was regaining his health. The symphony is arranged for strings, woodwinds (2 oboes, 2 clarinet), brass (2 bassoons, horns and trumpets), and percussion (timpani) and divided into four movements – Poco Sostenuto – â€Å"Vivace, Allegretto, Presto, and Allegro con brio† (Beethoven).The second movement contrasts sharply from the first, as the second movement’s flow and theme is much more expressive than the first.This expressiveness comes in form of subtle elegance mingled with a hint of sadness, though it still maintains its dance-like rhythm. The second movement acts as the antithesis to the somewhat glorious mood of the first and also in consideration with its tempo. The movement is ‘slow’ compared to the first, though the movement is in Allegreto form; meaning, it is to be played in a lively manner. The transition from the first movement is punctuated by its sad theme, yet the mood is counterbalanced with the Allegreto form.The ostinato in the piece is prevalent in the whole movement, acting as a support for the main theme played in succession by the brass and string sections. As evident in most of Beethoven’s works, there are parts in the movement that the theme starts from a quiet and small accentuation into a strong and sudden emphasis. The dance-like rhythm of the first movement is maintained through the Allegretto tempo while maintaining its tonal change from the first. Work Cited Symphony no. 7, A Major, op. 92, Second Movement. By Ludwig van Beethoven. Cond. Carlos Kleiber. Perf. Vienna Symphony Orchestra. Vienna, 200

Managerial Skills

Managerial Skills Introduction In a continuously changing organizational setting, it is no shock that the roles of top management have evolved. Per se this paper will cover three major elements. Firstly, the essay will determine the role played by the top manager as described by Katz and their importance and finally, whether an additional skill is appropriate to the role of the top executives. A manager is described as a person who coordinates and oversees the work of employees in order to accomplish company goals (Robbins et al., 2008, p. 9).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Skills specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Basically, there are 3 lines of managers. First, there is the first-level manager who â€Å"supervises and coordinates the duties of working staff† (Peterson, 2004, p. 1299). The first-level manager’s duty comprises supervising daily activities, guaranteeing that production goal is performed proficie ntly and successfully since it directly impacts the organization’s profit margins. Second, we have the mid-level manager who is mainly concerned with executing the regulations and goals generated by top management and with supervising and coordinating the operations of bottom line manager. For example, a mid-level manager would monitor machine breakdowns, quality control, and coordinates the role played by a supervisor guaranteeing the company functions properly (Carmeli Tishler, 2006). Thirdly, we have top managers who â€Å"set institutional strategies, objectives and business practices† (Mintzberg, 1994, p. 13). For instance, the manager of Crazy John’s, John Ilhan, would have generated goals for the company in achieving a desired profit margin per annum and have put in place guidelines and/or rules that must be followed so as to attain company aims through cost-effective tactics. Robert Katz (1974) suggested that people in all management levels required 3 m ajor skills in order to ensure successful management. Such skills include the aspects of conceptual, technical and human attributes (Katz, 1974). Relevance to top management Top managers and Conceptual skill Top level management form the executive managerial employees in any company. Robbins et al. (2008) assert that top managers form the highest level in the hierarchy to which first line and mid-level management report to. Thus the completion of all decisions is based on the conceptual skills of the top managers. When, for instance, critical changes in marketing policies are undertaken, it is important to consider their impacts on output, quality, monetary, research, and the persons implementing the changes. And it appears important to all top managers who should integrate the fresh policies. If all executives recognize the general interactions and importance attached to the changes, they are nearly assured to be efficient to administer them. As a result the opportunity to succeed is highly enhanced.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conceptual skills, as described by Robert Katz, become gradually more crucial in highly demanding top levels where their impacts is optimized and most readily seen. Indeed, contemporary study findings result to the assumption that at the high position of coordination these conceptual skills become the most crucial skill for all (Katz, 1974, p. 96). Top managers and Technical skill Kraut et al. (2005) asserts that technical skills imply a comprehending of, and efficiency in, certain activities, especially one entailing techniques and protocols. Technical skills involve good understanding, analytical capability, and capacity to utilize devices and methods of a particular discipline. Basically, technical skills are probably the most popular since they are the most tangible, and since, in this period of specialization , they are the skills needed by many people. Many of the on- the-job tertiary and coaching projects are greatly linked to establishing these professional technical skills. Therefore, at top position, technical skills are comparatively less significant. Top managers and human skill As described by Katz (1974), interpersonal skill refers to the manager’s capability of working efficiently in a team and of building collective effort within the group he/she heads. Interpersonal skills are mainly linked to working with individuals. Human skills are illustrated in the manner the individuals perceive (and recognize the views of) their seniors and juniors, and in the manner they behave afterward (Katz, 1974, p. 91). The individuals bearing highly established interpersonal skills are aware of their personal attributes, presumptions, and perceptions regarding other persons and teams; they are capable of seeing the importance and restrictions of such attitudes. By accommodating the prese nce of perspectives, feelings, and attitudes which greatly vary from their own, they are skilled to understand what an individual truly means by his actions and activities. They are equally knowledgeable to communicate to an employee, in his personal situations, what they mean by their attitudes (Katz, 1974, p. 92). These persons work toward generating a setting of security and confirmation whereby a junior employee feels free in expressing himself with no dread of ridicule or condemnation, through promoting him in participating in the preparation and implementation of something that directly impacts him.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Skills specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They are efficiently concerned with the need and motivation of individuals in their company in order that they can identify the likely response to, and result of, different actions they may carry out. This sensitivity aids them to be capable and ready in acting in ways that would integrate external perceptions (Robbins et al., 2008). It would seem that, conceptual skills embody attribute of technical and interpersonal elements of the company. However, the idea of skills, as abilities in putting knowledge into practice, should empower people in distinguishing between the 3 basic skills to carry out the technical aspects (technical skills), encouraging and appreciating people and teams (interpersonal skills), and preparing and implementing entire operations and desires of the company toward achieving universal goals (conceptual skills) (Robbins et al., 2008). Conclusion From the discussion, it appears that technical skills become comparatively insignificant while the relevance of conceptual skills increase gradually. At the top position of any company, conceptual skills become the most significant skills for effective coordination. Senior executives may have limited interpersonal or technical abilities and still remain efficient if they have junior staff who possess strong interpersonal and technical skills. But if their conceptual skills are less strong, the organization’s success may be compromised. The comparative significance of technical, interpersonal and conceptual skills is based on the position of management duties. At top management positions, the manager’s efficacy relies greatly on conceptual and interpersonal skill. At the higher position, conceptual skills become the most critical for the 3 skills for flourishing management. This 3-skill concept stresses that an excellent top manager is unnecessarily born; he can be established. It emphasizes the need of identifying certain attributes in a quest for providing a more effective method to look into the management policy. By aiding in identifying the skill most required in the top administration, it may attest necessary in the choice, coaching, and enhancement of top managers. References Carmeli, A., Tishler, A. (20 06). The relative importance of the top management team’s managerial skills. International Journal of Manpower, 27(1), 9-36. Katz, R. (1974, September-October). Skills of an effective administrator: HBR Classic, pp. 90-102.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kraut, A., Patricia R., Douglas M., Marvin D. (2005). The role of the manager: What’s really important in different management jobs? Academy of Management Executive, 19(4), 122-129. Mintzberg, H. (1994). Rounding out the manager’s job. Sloan Management Review, 36(11), 11-26. Peterson, T. (2004). Ongoing legacy of R.L. Katz: an updated typology of management skills. Management Decision, 42(10), 1297-1308. Robbins, S., Bergman, R., Stagg, I., Coulter, M. (2008). Management (5th ed.). Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson Education Australia.

One mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter Essay

One mans terrorist is another mans freedom fighter - Essay Example This essay discusses that careful analysis of Islamic law as manifested in the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights would tend to reveal that it is impossible to invoke human rights principles under a system where what is given primacy is the stability of the state, the maintenance of culture and tradition and the binding force of religion. In the United States, for instance, though we see wanton violations of due process and human rights committed by the Bush administration, the grand majesty of the law may at least be invoked to seek redress and to call policies wrong or reprehensible. This paper makes a conclusion that with that said, there are still positive changes to look forward to. The mere fact that the CDHR was entered into by the Islamic states means that there is at least recognition of the need to adhere to a basic human rights framework and that states may no longer act with impunity and expect no censure from the international community. Certainly, there should also be mo ves to actively pursue human rights offenders and punish human rights violations – whether large or small scale. There is a great ethical and moral imperative to exhume the past if only to serve as lessons for the future. In addition, through vigilance and continuous lobbying and sowing the seeds through human rights education, we make it possible to envision a future where human rights are protected, diversity is celebrated and every individual is allowed to blossom to his or her fullest potential. Â  ... The converse of that, of course, is that far too many leaders justify brazen acts of oppression and injustice as a cultural norm and should thus fall outside the scrutiny of the international community. How indeed does one balance these competing interests The concept of human rights is by no means of recent vintage. It is used primarily to define relationships between the citizens and the State, by constituting a check on the awesome power of the State and by enabling human beings to flourish to their fullest potential free from oppression, strife, hunger and discrimination. A thriving and robust democracy, it is often said, can only be achieved when basic human rights are preserved. Cherished principles like press freedom, religious freedom, diversity and pluralism are indispensable requirements of a democratic society. It is difficult, if not altogether impossible, to argue against the validity of these principles. The various conflicts and revolutions in the world have shaped the concept of human rights as we know it. In the last two hundred and fifty years, we see the clamor for human rights as the clamor of a world and of the various peoples inside it for equality and freedom. Starting with the French and American revolutions towards the latter part of the eighteenth century, it is this very notion of human rights that has led colonized states and revolutionary movements to assert their voices and fight for their freedoms against oppressive and despotic governments - from the Tiananmen Square uprising in China to the struggle of the East Timorese against Indonesian occupation. When the United Nations was created in 1948 by a world still reeling from the ravages of the Second World War and intent on healing the wounds

Analyze the passage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Analyze the passage - Essay Example If we regard our action first from the point of subjective inclination and then from the perspective of conformity to reason, we do not find a contradiction; we are led to realize the validity of the categorical imperative. The writer concludes that if duty has to be a practical and unconditional necessity of action and account for the legislative authority it can only be expressed in terms of categorical imperatives. If there is any such thing as an a priori notion of duty which is absolute, it must cover the willing and inclination of all human beings. They should conform to reason. Such duty is intrinsic and sublime and its validity gets diminished if it is dictated by subjective inclinations or natural dispositions. The reasons that the writer gives do support his point to a great extent. The writer’s views are important because everyone has certain duties and obligations in life. Our duties must conform to reason and we should not be liberal and compromising regarding our personal